Child and Adolescent Behavior Becoming Attached

Robert Karen explores the formation of an infant’s attachment to a parent and discusses how this process can affect a child in the long term. Theoretical concepts examined by the author are largely based on the research conducted by Mary Ainsworth who studied children’s reactions to separations and reunions with their mothers.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Child and Adolescent Behavior: Becoming Attached specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Following Ainsworth, the author distinguishes several attachment patterns, namely secure, ambivalent, avoidant and disorganized attachments. However, Robert Karen focuses more on how the formation of bonds between an infant and a caregiver can shape the personality of child. The examples that the scholar gives urge parents to be more attentive to their children’s needs because otherwise they can suffer from various psychological problems. To prove this argument, the author offers various types of evidence. For instance, he points out that lack of parental support and feeling of insecurity can be associated with the school phobia that many children have (Karen, 221). This is only one example that shows how insecurity during infancy can impact a child. Moreover, he argues a child, who did not receive support from parents at the time when he or she was distressed, is not likely to ask for assistance even if it is really needed (Karen, 221). Such a person will seek independence even though such form of behavior may harm him or her. Moreover, the author argues that children, who did not develop bonds of attachment with their parents, can feel ineffective or even ashamed of themselves (Karen, 238). The key problem is that such children feel unworthy of their parents’ love and they eventually suffer from inferiority complex or even depression. Robert Karen also argues that parents should be able to community their feelings a nd emotions to the children. For example, they need to avoid sudden fits of anger because they can make a child much more reticent and reserved.Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, they should also bear in mind that unexpressed discontent may also be dangerous because children and adolescents sense this tacit discontent, but they may view it as a form of rejection (Karen, 242). This is how parents can unwillingly harm their children. Certainly, the examples that Robert Karen provides should be critically evaluated. The thing is that the effects identified by this author might have been caused by other environmental factors such as the influence of peers, teachers, or mass media. There can be only a correlation between a certain type of parent behavior and long-term personal development of a child. Furthermore, one should not forget about hereditary factors that also i mpact character traits. Yet, one has to consider that the entire attachment theory is a developing area of psychology and its methods and results can become more accurate. The ideas expressed by Robert Karen can find practical applications. For instance, these findings can be of great use to parents who should learn how to treat their children. By following the recommendations of Robert Karen, parents can minimize various hypothetical risks such as depression of their children, panic attacks, phobias, feeling of insecurity, or inferiority complex. Secondly, these findings should be taken into account by therapists who treat people of various ages. On the whole, attachment theory can have significant applications for parents, educators, and psychologists. The ideas advanced and discussed by Robert Karen definitely merit attention and further study because they can help people understand how early childhood experiences influence a person at later stages of his or her life. Works Cited Karen, Robert. Becoming attached: first relationships and how they shape our  capacity to love. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Print.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Child and Adolescent Behavior: Becoming Attached specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on Child and Adolescent Behavior: Becoming Attached was written and submitted by user Frankl1nR1chards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chemistry through Entertainment essays

Chemistry through Entertainment essays For many years students have been taught in the traditional classroom setting. You have a teacher, blackboard and a desk. Most students want to learn, but loss interest or are discouraged when they learn above or below the average learning speed. But when students are offered an opportunity that allows them to learn at their own pace and in the comfort of their home the outcomes are unlimited. Allowing students to interact with what they learn has proven time and time again to increase their interest and the amount of information learned and remembered. Many studies have been done that support our groups hypothesis that video games do affect the way a person thinks and acts. Therefore it would only make sense that having a Chemistry video game that taught you chemistry would embed the information that is being taught into the students mind, because of the interaction and having to be aware of what is going on in the game to advance to the next chapter. In our interactive video game w e would have a teacher, just like in the normal classroom setting, but you would read the sections on your own and would play games to show how well you comprehend the information that you had just read. There would also be an option for the section to be read to you. The video game would not allow a student to move on until the game was completed one time through correctly this way the information the student gathers is all correct and he or she knows how the answer was achieved. There are many other ways that students can learn interactively, but we believe that if you are in a comfortable setting (your home or wherever else.) you will have the confidence that is needed to learn and achieve your goals. An interactive video game would allow for people to take the Chemistry class at home. This option would allow many people who are unable to go to school everyday or have a disability to complete a Chemistry course on their own time, yet provide the s...

Advise Brian as to the application of EU law on the free movement of Essay

Advise Brian as to the application of EU law on the free movement of goods to this situation - Essay Example According to the case presented, Brian is a recognized trader in these items and has dealt them for years. Having sold the products for ten years, one would judge Brian as an experienced manufacturer and supplier of these materials. The free movement of goods treaty aims at restricting limitations to trade between member states of the European Union and compliance is key for a good relation for the different states. France as a state is part of the treaty and is bound by the treaty to comply and eliminate any restrictions that are developed either by its domestic suppliers of Power Saws or by legislation that seeks to create a discriminatory effect to the trade aspects of the EU. A number of cases exist on the aspects of discrimination in trade because of legislative effects of member states of the European Union. These include the following. According to a case as per Schmidberger, case Case C-112/00 on free movement of goods vs. protection of fundamental right1. According to this case, respect of fundamental rights of persons in the different states is part of the responsibility that the states have. The free movement of goods into and out of France needs not affect the livelihood of the people especially their health. Considering the health aspect attached to the case, the rights of protection on health aspects for the people is the mandate of the government that limits the exposure as per the goods in relation to the PSs. The free movement of goods relates to the removal of barriers from the market free trade to exist2. Brian is a manufacturer within the UK, which is part of the European Union. He manufactures goods that qualify for sale on the European Union and that explains the reasons why he has for ten years supplied the goods in UK and Germany markets and all these have appreciated his products. Among the facts involves the position of France as one of the European Union members,

Ottoman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ottoman Empire - Essay Example The Empire was a strong force in the Middle East and it had extended its territories to all the sides. The Byzantine capital, Constantinople fell in the hands of the Ottoman ruler, Mehmed II thus making an end to the Roman Empire. After the fall of Roman Empire in 1453 the Ottoman Empire witnessed a fast extension to far and wide. In the 15th and 16th century the Empire was extended to Europe, Africa, and Asia. It was during the period of the emperor, Suleiman the Magnificent who ruled during the 16th century witnessed the golden age of the Empire. He had made use the agencies like military and government efficiently and further through magnificent administration of both economy and military he could capture many of the places on all sides of his boundary. The Ottoman Empire’s contribution to the world is immense in the fields of art and architect, military, economic measures and administrative reforms. It can be witnessed that the dominance of the Empire in the golden age tur ned to be a defect in the decline period. So, in the present essay, an attempt is made to analyze the areas as, government and administration, military strength and economic power of the Ottoman Empire in golden age and in decline period. ... The sultans ruled the empire by the help of the imperial council headed by the Prime Minister (New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World 1450-1750, p.476). But, towards the 17th and 18th centuries political changes caused for the decline of the empire. â€Å"The practice of raising the ruler’s sons as indulged prisoners in the palace to prevent rebellions contributed to a long series of uninformed, inexperienced, and often debauched sultans and shahs† (Africa, Southwest Asia, and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Ch.6 p.189-190). The emperor governed the country through different religious communities but these communities later became powerful and so the emperor’s control over them was weakened (Africa, Southwest Asia, and India in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, p.479). Moreover, the Ottoman state was not centralized and so the control of the imperial was difficult. All these factors of loose administration and changes contribut ed for its decline which came in the 18th century. Military Strength: Military strength was the once the major domain of the Ottoman Empire. Until 1600 the weapons used by the Ottomans were the supreme in Europe. â€Å"The Ottomans adopted gunpowder weapons, especially cannons, which were often built and operated by mercenary Hungarian Christians in Ottoman service† (New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World 1450-1750, p.476). Until 1600 the weapons used by the Ottomans were the supreme in Europe. The navy of the Ottoman led by the Muslim refugees from Spain was very excellent (New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World 1450-1750, p.476). The Ottoman military during its golden age was very

Films of Ingmar Bergman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Films of Ingmar Bergman - Essay Example To quote Jesse Kalin: â€Å"Bergman’s subject is not being as such, but the moral world – ourselves as human beings in the twentieth century; what is deepest and most true and essential about us , and what meaning we can find for our lives in the face of the truth..† (.The Films of Ingmar Bergman, Page 1) The existential struggle becomes acute in women as their loneliness is deeper in a male dominated society. How do these women communicate with each other in this world of loneliness? The denial of both sexual pleasure as well as the maternal bliss makes their quest for themselves much more frustrating. Persona (1966) and Cries and Whispers (1972) are two great works of this master that form wonderful examples for psychodrama of the modern life as well as for Meta cinema or self reflexive cinema. In Persona it is a speechless woman who confronts an over speaking woman, who essentially speaks of her dilemmas, which strangely confirms to the dilemmas of the listening silent woman. The film opens with a pre-title sequence of a bewildering Freudian montage of seemingly unrelated images, indicating that it is dealing with dark contradictions and never matching opposites. Of the images in the opening montage, the image of the cinematic projection apparatus with the carbon arc of a projector is repeated in the end of the film as well. .Elisabeth Volger (portrayed brilliantly by Liv Ullman ) is a noted stage actress , who is thirty plus of age and who loses her speech mysteriously in the middle of a performance while she was acting as Electra, the Greek mythological character .After staying in the hospital for a brief period , she is removed to a sea side cottage for psychiatric observation. She comes under the care of a private nurse named Alma (Bibi Anderson ).The nurse opens herself up to the patient and tells her all her frustrations as well as her hopes and dreams. She talks

Some Knowledge Is Discovered And Others Are Invented Philosophy Essay

Some Knowledge Is Discovered And Others Are Invented Philosophy Essay The question how do we evolve knowledge? is a debate in philosophy older to human existence. Philosophers differ on the source of knowledge. Some say that reasoning is a way to acquire knowledge while others say that perception is the way to get knowledge. Art, ethics and math are some of the areas of knowledge. The major argument is on whether these areas of knowledge are discovered or invented. Mathematics and ethics use reasoning as the way to have knowledge whereas art is concerned with perception and the perception leads to experience. Giving arguments and counter arguments for determining whether laws in physics, art and ethics are invented or discovered. Epistemology is an important area of philosophy dealing with the theory of knowledge. It focuses on determining what is true knowledge and how do we receive the true knowledge. The word knowledge is known in different ways such as understanding, recognizing, grasping etc. According to the tripartite theory of knowledge which is the most popular account of knowledge, there are three conditions in order to possess knowledge. They are belief, truth and justification. Belief is the first condition for knowledge. Even if something is true, and one has excellent reasons for believing that it is true, one cannot know it without believing it. (Dawkins). Truth means conformity with reality. If a thing is known, it must be true because false cannot be known and therefore, knowledge must be of truth. The third condition for knowledge is justification. In order to know a thing, it is not enough to merely believe it; one must also have a good reason for doing so. (The Tripartite Theory of Knowled ge). Knowledge can be received by two sources and they are known as empiricism and rationalism. There is a constant debate in philosophy on derivation of knowledge, whether knowledge is empirical or rational. In the philosophy of science, empiricism is a theory of knowledge which emphasizes those aspects of scientific knowledge that are closely related to experience, especially as formed through deliberate experimental arrangements. (Empiricism). Empiricism says that knowledge is obtained through senses and without senses we cannot understand knowledge. The theory rationalism is quite different from empiricism postulating that reason is the source for knowledge. In the view of philosophers who support the theory of rationalism, in the acquisition of knowledge holds three types of knowledge. First one is the possession of the innate knowledge and they strongly say that innate knowledge is absolutely different from sense knowledge. Second type of knowledge is the truth of logic, mathematic or ethical truth. For example, one plus one is two and it is the mathematical truth. It is true and it cannot be other. So also, there is logical necessity drawn through the deduction and induction methods in the acquisition of knowledge. Thirdly, the rationalists say that even though there are truths which are grounded in experience, reasoning is important in the derivation of knowledge. For example, if two persons see a sunflower at a time, their understanding and perception about the flower will be different. This shows that there is reasoning among them in order to judge the beauty of the flower. Through reasoning we come to mathematical knowledge. Mathematical principles are not discovered but are invented. Here, we solve a problem with the help of a formula. We use our rationale in applying the formula in order to solve the problem. Mathematics is an invention according to the Formalists and Intuitionists, who believed that mathematics is an invention of the mind. (Was Mathematics an Invention or a Discovery?). They tell that mathematical principles are not an absolute necessity and also there are no complex numbers in the nature. So mathematics is an invention and not a discovery. Ethics is invented, not discovered. It is mere construction of human mind. There are moral principles and it varies from society to society, nation to nation and individual to individual. An ethical act which is dominated in some society is not at all ethics in some other societies. From watching a recent documentary about Liberia an African man was interviewed who used to be a general of a clan, before battle they would kill a young child and cut his heart out consuming some of his blood. This shows some clans in Africa are cannibals and their culture is not bothered about killing of other people. But, most of the people cherish an ethics that killing is immoral act. Therefore, we can say that ethics is constructed and invented, not discovered. Reasoning is the way to come to this knowledge. The way of knowing art is different from ethics and mathematics. We use reasoning for understanding mathematical and ethical principles. But, perception is the way of knowing the art. We see an art and it leads us to a kind of experience. Seeing an art such as film, statue and pictures, we become emotionally aroused. But understanding an ethical principle does not make us emotionally aroused. We cannot know the content of the work of art without experiencing the work. (Lehrer, Kieran, and Dominic 1). It is not possible to say all knowledge are discovered or invented completely. Knowledge that human beings have acquired now in different areas are not mere discoveries or inventions. Great knowledge is result of both great discoveries and inventions. For example, the theories in physics have undergone discussion whether those are invented or discovered. Most of the theories in physics were made from different life experiences. Sometimes, the origin of these theories was closely related with the incidents that happened coincidently. For example, when the origin of the theories of gravitational forces was discussed, the experiences that had in the life of Isaac Newton is mentioned often. Those life experiences led him to make great theories of gravitational force. But, universe was acting according to those rules before they were actually made. These findings were called as discoveries because they existed before they were expressed by mathematical terms. So, the theories which are wr itten or explained using mathematical or linguistic symbols are inventions while their results in practical level are discoveries. But, generally these finding are called as discoveries. But these discoveries are base for many findings which are called as inventions without any doubt. For example, space shuttles are example for one of the greatest inventions of human. But, at the time of making of space shuttles, different theories of force of gravitation have to be analyzed as it acts against force of gravitations. So, in same area itself discoveries and inventions are interlinked in many ways. When we derive knowledge related to art, perception of people who derive those knowledge become prominent. Generally, the findings in arts are inventions. A painter creates his ideas in his mind in a platform. It is a creation, so it can be called as an invention. But, it is possible to argue that there are findings of things which already exist. When an architect makes a sculpture from a rock, he really applies his creativity to the rock and takes a particular shape, which already exists, out of that rock. It is very difficult to explain how man creates an artistic thing which becomes an invention of man in simple logical manner. It is possible to explain the creativity only if both the persons, one who explains and one who listens think in the level of art. The rules of ethics are made for adding more values to social life of human beings. But, being a social creature, many principles of morality have become inevitable part of human nature. So, there are arguments that ethical theories are discoveries of human beings. These arguments, regardless of their mutual areas of agreement and disagreement, seem to point towards morality as being a set of more or less complete rules, already present in the human intellect at birth. (Arroyo).

Ideas the Writer Conveys Through Silas Marner :: George Elliot Silas Marner Literature Essays

Ideas the Writer Conveys Through Silas Marner The writer of Silas Marner, George Elliot was born Mary Ann Evans in 1819 in Warwickshire. She had two older siblings, Christiana and Isaac who she got on especially well with. She also had two stepsiblings from her father's first marriage. She was a precocious child and was sent to boarding school with her sister where she suffered from homesickness and nightmares. At the age of nine she began being taught by a strict evangelical Maria Lewis who greatly influenced Evan's religious and moral beliefs. She had a very strong moral code. When Mary was sixteen her mother died, and her father, whom she was very close to, was left bringing her up. When her father died in 1849 she felt completely alone. Mary Ann Evans wrote under the pen name George Elliot because of her status (she was living with a married man) and she thought she wouldn't get published if she were known to be a women. She was a very intellectual woman and love and relationships were important to her. George Elliot wrote Silas Marner in 1861. It is a moral fable, not an autobiographical novel but it is influenced by parts of Elliot's life experience. For example, in the character Eppie, she has created someone who must live without a mother, as Elliot did from the age of sixteen. Elliot was highly inspired by the works of the poet William Wordsworth, and a quotation from his poem 'Michael', seems to be a kind of basis to the novel. In Silas Marner we are asked to take pity on a man who is outcasted by society. Silas is set up by his friend and wrongly accused of theft causing him to lose his faith in God and trust in people. Silas Marner was born and brought up in the large northern industrial town of Lantern Yard. The people living there are strictly religious and hard working. It is community based around a church. Silas Marner was a gentle young man with a pale face and "large brown protuberant eyes" and a "defenceless, deer-like gaze." His appearance makes him seem a very likeable and approachable character; he has "the expression of trusting simplicity". He is a very trusting man and honest man "Silas was both Sane and honest" and extremely hard working but he is also naÃÆ'Â ¯ve and vulnerable and his cataleptic fits make him even more vulnerable to criticism and accusations. His best friend William Dane, used in the story as a contract to Silas, on the other hand is arrogant and conceited. He has 'menacing' "narrow slanting eyes" and "compressed lips".